У большинства пациентов с тромбофлебитом (около 90%) болезнь поражает глубокие вены нижних конечностей. Тромбофлебит нижних конечностей — патологическое состояние, для которого характерен воспалительный процесс, протекающий в стенках сосуда, образование в этом месте тромба, завершающееся значительным ухудшением тока крови. Поражение венозных стволов нередко свидетельствует об эндокринных заболеваниях, нарушениях коагуляционного баланса крови и дисбалансе гомеостаза.
Сформировавшиеся тромбы могут полностью перекрывать кровоток в сосуде, а могут рассасываться без следа. Тромботические массы способны отрываться от своего основания и свободно перемещаться по кровеносному руслу, приводя к возникновению закупорок в совершенно другом месте организма (например, тромб из глубоких венозных сосудов ноги может привести в закупорке легочной артерии).
Для того чтобы правильно определять наличие тромбоза и его характер (локализация, острый процесс или хронический, наличие флотирующего хвоста), осуществлять корректную диагностику заболевания с прогнозом его возможных осложнений, а также для преемственности между врачами разных специальностей и разных лечебных учреждений необходимо владеть и правильно использовать классификацию патологического состояния.
Классификация заболевания
Систематизация типов тромбофлебита нижних конечностей:
- По типу протекания: острый (не более одного месяца), подострый (до трех месяцев) и хронический процесс (через три месяца развивается в посттромбофлебитическую болезнь). Также можно выделить обострение хронического процесса.
- По локализации: процесс, захватывающий поверхностные (подкожные стволы и их веточки) и глубокие вены нижних конечностей и полости таза (флеботромбоз).
- По характеру процесса: гнойный, негнойный.
- По этиологии: инфекционный или асептический (связанный с патологиями крови, варикозным заболеванием венозных сосудов, онкозаболеваниями, у беременных с осложнением в третьем триместре, осложненными родами, гормональными заболеваниями, травмами, аллергией, инфекционными заболеваниями).
Флеботромбоз глубоких вен ног имеет свое подразделение в зависимости от месторасположения процесса:
- глубокие венозные стволы голени;
- глубокие венозные сосуды голени и подколенный ствол;
- глубокие вены голени, подколенная и бедренная венозные стволы;
- подвздошно-бедренная локализация.
Помимо вышеперечисленных систематических групп, для корректной постановки диагноза и статистического учета численности заболевших важно правильно внести патологический процесс в международный рубрикатор МКБ-10.
Международный шифр заболевания
Во главе статистики в здравоохранении и систематизации всех патологических состояний стоит документ «Международная статистическая классификация болезней и проблем, связанных со здоровьем». Он был создан усилиями Всемирной организации здравоохранения. Документ рассматривается ею раз в десятилетие с целью вноса поправок. С 1999 года в Российской Федерации используется МКБ-10 (десятого обновленного переиздания).
Основная особенность МКБ-10 — это алфавитно-цифровая методика шифрования. В этом коде используется одна латинская буква и три цифры. Классификация разбита на 21 класс, которому соответствует первая буква кода МКБ-10. Классы делятся на блоки различных рубрик.
В соответствии с МКБ-10, тромбофлебитическое поражение поверхностных и глубоких вен нижних конечностей относится к классу I00-I99 Болезни системы кровообращения. В этот класс входят блоки, описывающие ревматические патологии сердца, нарушения, вызванные высоким давлением крови, цереброваскулярные болезни, ишемическое и другие патологии сердца.
Поражения вен, лимфатических стволов и узлов, не систематизированные в прочих рубриках, включая заболевания периферических поверхностных или глубоких сосудов нижних конечностей относятся к блоку I80-I89.
Тромбофлебит поверхностных и глубоких сосудов ног, относится к объединенной категории флебитов и тромбофлебитов. Данная категория имеет собственный подраздел в классификации МКБ-10: нозологический класс I80 Флебит и тромбофлебит. Этот подраздел охватывает эндофлебит, перивенозное и собственное воспаление венозных стволов, в том числе гнойное. Не входят в подраздел тромбофлебитические процессы, осложняющие медицинское прерывание беременности, роды и ближайшие дни после родов, патологические поствоспалительные внутричерепные закупорки, закупорки сосудов спинного мозга, воротной вены и мигрирующие, а также постфлебитический синдром.
I80 Флебит и тромбофлебит:
- I80.0 поверхностных сосудов ног.
- I80.1 бедренного венозного сосуда.
- I80.2 других глубоко расположенных сосудов.
- I80.3 нижних конечностей неопределенного местоположения.
- I80.8 прочего месторасположения.
- I80.9 неуточненной локализации.
Тромбофлебитическое поражение поверхностных вен нижних конечностей кодируется шифром I80.0. Это болезненное состояние требует дифференциального диагноза с облитерирующим тромбангиитом I73.1, лимфангитом I89.1 и узелковый периартериитом М30.0.
Поражение глубоких вен нижних конечностей шифруется под кодом I80.3. Проводят дифференциальную диагностику тромбофлебита с тромбозом артериальных стволов I74.3–I74.5, облитерирующим эндартериитом I70 и симметричной гангреной (болезнью Рейно) I73.0.
В МКБ-10 не выносится обозначение того, острый это процесс или хронический.
На 2018 год запланирован выход одиннадцатого пересмотра международного регистра болезней (МКБ-11). В отличие от МКБ-10 последующая классификация будет учитывать этиологию, клинические и диагностические признаки, оказываемый эффект на беременность и качество жизни.
Очень часто мы игнорируем непонятные боли в ногах, не придавая этому никакого значения. В это время в одной из артерий может формироваться тромб, всё больше увеличиваясь в размерах.
Острый артериальный тромбоз нижних конечностей — заболевание, в результате которого однажды можно расстаться с конечностью. В ряде случаев это единственный вариант для спасения жизни.
Тромбоз артерий нижних конечностей: код по МКБ-10 и характеристика
Тромбоциты в сочетании с фибрином, эритроцитами и белками формируются в кровяной сгусток, который и называется тромбом. Формированием тромбов организм защищается от опасных кровопотерь при повреждениях сосудов. В то же время образование тромба на стенке артерии бывает и без повреждения. Образование тромба в конечности чаще всего является следствием основного заболевания.
При отсутствии каких-либо сосудистых патологий после заживления раны или любого другого повреждения тромбы благополучно рассасываются. Во всех остальных случаях подобная «защита» нередко трансформируется в прямую угрозу, когда увеличенный тромб начинает перекрывать уже более 90% просвета артерии, блокируя к тканям приток кислорода и крови.
Развивается состояние острой ишемии. В результате гипоксии массово отмирают нервные и мышечные клетки, а их продукты распада всасываются и провоцируют тяжёлую интоксикацию внутренних органов и всего организма.
Помимо деградации мышечных волокон параллельно развивается тугоподвижность суставов (до полной невозможности сгиба конечности) и окоченение некоторых мышечных групп — мышечная контрактура. На финальной стадии этого состояния, чтобы не допустить летальный исход, возникает необходимость в ампутации конечности, потому что артериальный тромбоз выступает одной из причин гангрены.
Причины возникновения
- Поражение стенки на фоне атеросклероза. К скоплениям жира и холестериновых бляшек на стенках артерий присоединяется кальций. Кроме того, что подобные отложения значительно препятствуют полноценному кровотоку, стенки артерии теряют свою эластичность, становясь хрупкими и изъязвлёнными. Это провоцирует формирование тромбов.
- Болезнь Бюргера (тромбангиит) и артериит — артериальные воспаления, вызывающие сильные повреждения сосудистых стенок.
- При повреждении артерии в результате переломов, чрезмерного сдавления или сильного ушиба в кровь проникает тромбопластин и стремительно запускает процессы свёртывания.
- Аутоиммунные патологии и избыточный вес. Выброс в кровь некоторых гормонов при сбоях в эндокринной системе, а также повышенное количество лептина при ожирении в процессе взаимодействия с тромбоцитами вызывает их патологическое слипание.
- Гиперкоагуляция и тромбофилия. В том числе, тромбофилия как побочный эффект после приёма оральных контрацептивов и ряда медицинских препаратов.
В немалой степени тромбообразованию способствуют и такие факторы:
- Дефицит протеинов C и S.
- Пониженная скорость кровотока.
- Повышенная вязкость крови.
- Наследственный фактор.
- Никотиновая зависимость.
- Мерцательная аритмия, эндокардит и пороки сердечных клапанов.
- Продолжительное обезвоживание, бактериальные инфекции, абсцессы, гнойные раны.
Симптомы
Внешние признаки заболевания проявляются по-разному в зависимости от степени закупорки артерии и причины образования тромба. К примеру, если тромбоз развивался в результате хронической артериальной недостаточности, образовавшаяся коллатеральная сеть (поступление крови «в обход») и компенсаторные механизмы отчасти смягчат основные симптомы. В то же время сформированный тромб по причине изъязвлённой атеросклеротической бляшки характеризуется внезапным началом.
Согласно классификации заболевания по его стадиям симптоматика проявляется поэтапно.
- На первой стадии в конечности ощущается умеренная боль, «мурашки», покалывания и чувство онемения, кожа прохладная и неестественно бледная. В более редких случаях течение бессимптомно.
- Для второй стадии характерен синюшный оттенок кожи, который в дальнейшем переходит в «мраморный рисунок», сильная отёчность, полная утрата чувствительности, активные движения в суставах невозможны.
- Мышечные контрактуры разного уровня и необратимое повреждение тканей конечности означает переход в завершающую третью стадию.
Подколенная артерия
Увеличение обхвата в области колена, сильная продолжительная боль в голени, особенно в вечернее и ночное время, чувство тяжести и распирания означают наличие тромбоза подколенной артерии. Нога отекает, кожа приобретает нездоровый блеск, а чуть позже проявляются расширенные вены.
Бедренная артерия
Что касается тромбоза бедренной артерии, его можно определить по таким проявлениям:
- при ходьбе и даже в состоянии покоя ощущается тянущая боль в икроножной мышце и стопе;
- в зависимости от масштаба разрывов мелких сосудов кожа или покрыта мелкой сыпью, или приобрела синюшный оттенок;
- нога отекла от паха до пальцев;
- в артерии отсутствует пульсация.
Диагностика
В ситуациях острой ишемии (острого тромбоза артерий нижних конечностей) выбор диагностических методов не только зависит от степени тяжести ишемического расстройства и общего состояния, но и оказывается лимитированным по времени. Нередко на спасение конечности или даже жизни пациента отводится всего несколько часов.
В процессе диагностики перед специалистами стоят такие задачи:
- установить причину артериальной непроходимости;
- оценить степень ишемических повреждений;
- проверить состояние сосудов периферического русла;
- оценить потенциальную жизнеспособность тканей поражённой ноги;
- оценить состояние артерии сверху и снизу от места закупорки;
- оценить тяжесть сопутствующих патологий, которые могут существенно усугубить состояние пациента вследствие хирургического вмешательства.
В процессе сбора анамнеза особый акцент ставится на времени начала проявления симптомов и их характере. У пациента в подробностях уточняется о наличии эмбологенных заболеваний (инфаркт миокарда, аритмии, порок сердца, аневризмы), перенесенных операциях на артериях, результатах прошлых обследований сосудов. Собирается подробная информация из текущих жалоб:
- ощущается ли боль, онемение и слабость при ходьбе не только в конечности, но и в ягодице и бедре;
- присутствует ли перемежающаяся хромота;
- наблюдаются ли какие-то изменения в худшую сторону в мышечной мускулатуре;
- насколько хорошо заживают случайные раны на ногах;
- ощущается ли боль в ноге в состоянии покоя.
Дальнейшая дифференциальная диагностика включает такие необходимые исследования:
- Анализ крови на определение уровня лейкоцитов, гематокрита, гемоглобина, уровня азотемии и гликемии, а также для измерения ВСК (время свёртываемости крови).
- Цветовое дуплексное УЗИ. Методика позволяет оценить чёткую локализацию, характер и степень сегментарного поражения.
- Мультидетекторная (или обычная) КТ-ангиография с внутривенным введением контрастного вещества устанавливает локализацию артериального поражения.
Лечение артериального тромбоза нижних конечностей
Тактика лечения выбирается на основании результатов обследования и с непременным учётом степени риска для жизни в случае операции. Пациентам преклонного возраста с низкой степенью ишемии, но при наличии тяжёлых сопутствующих заболеваний назначается сугубо медикаментозное лечение. В случае острой ишемии консервативная терапия малоэффективна и применяется лишь в качестве предоперационной подготовки, а также в течение реабилитационного периода после операции.
Медикаментозное
Экстренное медикаментозное лечение включает внутривенные спазмолитики (Но-шпа, Баралгин, Папаверин), которые восстанавливают периферический и окольный кровоток, и внутривенное введение Гепарина, чтобы предупредить развитие тромбоза глубоких вен. При подтверждённой эмболии и тромбозе артерий нижних конечностей предельно допустимый срок такой терапии — не более 2-х часов.
Пациентам с категоричными противопоказаниями к операции в течение первых 5-10 дней для разжижения крови назначаются Трентал, Клопидогрель, никотиновая кислота, Аспирин или Реополиглюкин. В дальнейшем необходим приём непрямых антикоагулянтов: Фенилин, Варфарин, Пелентан или Дикумарин.
Хирургическое
В случае отсутствия прямых противопоказаний пациенту требуется хирургическое вмешательство. Причина острой ишемии устраняется благодаря артериальной реконструкции, а в результате удаления тромба восстанавливается магистральный кровоток в дистальных отделах. Многие операции проводятся в экстренном режиме.
- Тромбэктомия под общей или местной анестезией. Традиционная операция, в процессе которой из вскрытой артерии извлекается кровяной сгусток и проводится чистка артериальной стенки. Спустя от 3 до 5 дней после тромбоза артерии подобная операция неэффективна и бесполезна из-за высокого риска рецидивов.
- Эндоваскулярная тромбэктомия под местной анестезией. Операция актуальна на первых двух стадиях тромбоза и не позже 2-х недель от начала заболевания. Кровяной сгусток извлекается под контролем рентгена при помощи введенного балонного катетера путём надреза артерии строго по краю сформированного тромба.
- Шунтирование. Зона поражения исключается из кровотока созданием шунта (обходного пути). Шунт может быть изготовлен или из собственной ткани пациента (биологический), или из полимеров (синтетический). Операция актуальна для пациентов с противопоказаниями к эндоваскулярной хирургии.
- Локальный тромболизис. Тромб самостоятельно растворяется под воздействием введенного через катетер одного из препаратов: Алтеплазы, Урокиназы, Стрептокиназы или Анистреплазы. Методика имеет ряд осложнений, соответственно — противопоказаний, поэтому применяется не часто.
- Проксимальная ампутация. Вынужденная мера в ситуации необратимых изменений в тканях конечности. Показана при язвенно-некротических процессах или обширной гангрене.
Профилактика
Чтобы максимально обезопасить себя от развития тромбов, в первую очередь стоит полностью отказаться курения. Из рациона питания необходимо или полностью исключить, или свести к минимуму количество соли, а также все продукты с высоким содержанием холестерина. Это колбасы и полуфабрикаты, сливочное масло, картофель, сливки и жирная сметана, консервы, жирное мясо и сало, фаст-фуд, яичный желток и красная икра.
Регулярная физическая активность предупреждает застойные явления, вызывающие венозную недостаточность, и помогает избежать ожирения, ведущего к атеросклерозу.
Резкая боль, покалывания или ощущение онемения в одной из конечностей — повод для незамедлительного обращения к флебологу. Учитывая степень угрозы этого заболевания, безотлагательная борьба с тромбозом на начальном этапе увеличивает шансы не только на сохранение конечности, но и жизни в целом.
Краткое описание
Тромбоз глубоких вен нижних конечностей — формирование одного или нескольких тромбов в пределах глубоких вен нижних конечностей или таза, сопровождаемое воспалением сосудистой стенки. Может осложняться нарушением венозного оттока и трофическими расстройствами нижних конечностей, флегмоной бедра или голени, а также ТЭЛА • Флеботромбоз — первичный тромбоз вен нижних конечностей, характеризующийся непрочной фиксацией тромба к стенке вены • Тромбофлебит — вторичный тромбоз, обусловленный воспалением внутренней оболочки вены (эндофлебит). Тромб прочно фиксирован к стенке сосуда • В большинстве случаев тормбофлебит и флеботромбоз сочетаются: выраженные явления флебита обнаруживают в зоне первичного тромбообразования т.е. головки тромба, тогда как в зоне его хвоста воспалительные изменения сосудистой стенки отсутствуют. Частота. В развитых странах — 1:1 000 населения, чаще у лиц старше 40 лет.
Код по международной классификации болезней МКБ-10:
- I80 Флебит и тромбофлебит
Причины
Этиология • Травма • Венозный стаз, обусловленный тучностью, беременностью, опухолями малого таза, длительным постельным режимом • Бактериальная инфекция • Послеродовый период • Приём пероральных контрацептивов • Онкологические заболевания (особенно рак лёгких, желудка, поджелудочной железы) • ДВС.
Патоморфология • «Красный» тромб, образуемый при резком замедлении тока крови, состоит из эритроцитов, незначительного количества тромбоцитов и фибрина, прикреплённых к сосудистой стенке с одного конца тромба, проксимальный его конец свободно плавает в просвете сосуда • Важнейшая особенность тромбообразования — прогрессирование процесса: тромбы достигают большой протяжённости по длине сосуда • Головка тромба, как правило, фиксирована у клапана вены, а хвост его заполняет все или большую часть крупных её ветвей •• В первые 3–4 дня тромб слабо фиксирован к стенке сосуда, возможен отрыв тромба и ТЭЛА •• Через 5–6 дней присоединяется воспаление внутренней оболочки сосуда, способствующее фиксации тромба.
Симптомы (признаки)
Клиническая картина
• Глубокий венозный тромбоз (подтверждённый флебографией) имеет классические клинические проявления лишь в 50% случаев.
• Первым проявлением заболевания у многих больных может быть ТЭЛА.
• Жалобы: чувство тяжести в ногах, распирающие боли, стойкий отёк голени или всей конечности.
• Острый тромбофлебит: повышение температуры тела до 39 °С и выше.
• Местные изменения •• Симптом Пратта: кожа становится глянцевой, чётко выступает рисунок подкожных вен •• Симптом Пайра: распространение боли по внутренней поверхности стопы, голени или бедра •• Симптом Хоманса: боль в голени при тыльном сгибании стопы •• Симптом Ловенберга: боль при сдавлении голени манжетой аппарата для измерения АД при величине 80–100 мм рт.ст., в то время как сдавление здоровой голени до 150–180 мм рт.ст. не вызывает неприятных ощущений •• На ощупь больная конечность холоднее здоровой.
• При тромбозе вен таза наблюдают лёгкие перитонеальные симптомы и иногда динамическую кишечную непроходимость.
Диагностика
Инструментальные исследования • Дуплексное ультразвуковое ангиосканирование с использованием цветного допплеровского картирования — метод выбора в диагностике тромбоза ниже уровня паховой связки. Основной признак тромбоза: обнаружение эхопозитивных тромботических масс в просвете сосуда. Эхоплотность возрастает по мере увеличения «возраста» тромба •• Перестают дифференцироваться створки клапанов •• Диаметр пораженной вены увеличивается в 2–2,5 раза по сравнению с контралатеральным сосудом, вена перестаёт реагировать на компрессию датчиком (признак, особенно важный в первые дни заболевания, когда тромб визуально не отличим от нормального просвета вены) •• Неокклюзионный пристеночный тромбоз хорошо выявляется при цветном картировании — пространство между тромбом и стенкой вены прокрашивается синим цветом •• Флотирующая проксимальная часть тромба имеет овальную форму и располагается центрально в просвете сосуда • Рентгеноконтрастная ретроградная илиокаваграфия применяется в тех случаях, когда тромбоз распространяется выше проекции паховой связки, поскольку УЗИ тазовых сосудов затрудняется из — за кишечного газа. Катетер для подведения контрастного вещества вводится через притоки верхней полой вены. Во время ангиографии также возможна имплантация кава — фильтра • Сканирование с использованием 125I — фибриногена. Для определения включения радиоактивного фибриногена в сгусток крови выполняют серийное сканирование обеих нижних конечностей. Метод наиболее эффективен для диагностики тромбоза вен голени.
Дифференциальная диагностика • Целлюлит • Разрыв синовиальной кисты (киста Бейкера) • Лимфатический отёк (лимфедема) • Сдавление вены извне опухолью или увеличенными лимфатическими узлами • Растяжение или разрыв мышц.
Лечение
ЛЕЧЕНИЕ
Режим • Пациентов с глубоким флеботромбозом голени (т.е. дистальнее системы подколенных вен) ведут консервативно в амбулаторных условиях. Всем другим пациентам показано лечение в условиях хирургического стационара • Назначают строгий постельный режим в течение 7–10 дней с возвышенным положением больной конечности. Тепловые процедуры противопоказаны.
Ведение больного • Постельный режим в течение 1–5 дней, потом постепенное восстановление нормальной физической активности с отказом от длительного обездвиживания • Первый эпизод глубокого флеботромбоза необходимо лечить в течение 3–6 мес, последующие эпизоды — не менее года • Во время введения гепарина в/в определяют время свёртывания крови. Если через 3 ч после введения 5000 ЕД время свёртывания превышает исходное в 3–4 раза, а через 4 ч — в 2–3 раза, введённую дозу считают достаточной. Если свёртываемость крови существенно не изменилась, увеличивают первоначальную дозу на 2500 ЕД. Необходим контроль за тромбоцитами крови, при их снижении меньше 75´109/л введение гепарина следует прекратить • При лечении фениндионом необходимо ежедневно контролировать ПТИ до достижения необходимых значений (предельное — 25–30%), затем еженедельно в течение нескольких недель, после чего (при стабилизации) ежемесячно в течение всего времени приёма препарата • Следует учитывать возможность значительного кровотечения (например, гематурии или желудочно — кишечного кровотечения), поскольку антикоагулянтная терапия часто демаскирует рак, язвенную болезнь или артериовенозные пороки.
Консервативная терапия • Поясничная новокаиновая блокада по А.В. Вишневскому • Мазевые компрессы • Антикоагулянты, фибринолитические препараты (эффективны в самой ранней, обычно редко распознаваемой стадии венозного тромбоза, на более поздних сроках тромболиз может вызвать фрагментацию тромба и возникновение ТЭЛА; противопоказаны без установки кава — фильтра при илеофеморальном тромбозе), реополиглюкин, реоглюман; при тромбофлебите — антибиотики широкого спектра действия. Дозы препаратов — см. Тромбоз воротной вены.
Оперативное лечение • При флотирующем тромбе показана установка в нижнюю полую вену кава — фильтра на уровне ниже почечных вен • При невозможности имплантации кава — фильтра для предотвращения ТЭЛА производится пликация нижней полой вены — разделение швами просвета сосуда на несколько узких каналов • Регионарная тромболитическая терапия, при которой стрептаза вводится к области тромба через катетер, установленный (чаще всего) через заднюю большеберцовую вену. Возможна при нескольких условиях: сроках заболевания, не превышающих 3 суток, окклюзии не более 2 анатомических сегментов и сохранённой проходимости глубоких вен голени, а также под прикрытиеи временно имплантированного съёмного кава — фильтра. Её эффективность контролируется УЗИ и рентгеноконтрастной восходящей флебографией • Тромбэктомия — операция выбора при синей болевой флегмазии (см. ниже), не поддающейся консервативной терапии, и в особенности угрожающей гангреной. В связи с тем, что процедура не позволяет открыть мелкие тромбированные сосуды, она обязательно дополняется тромболитической терапией. Применяется ограниченно, поскольку вмешательство может осложняться интраоперационной ТЭЛА; кроме того, после неё высока вероятность ретромбоза (до 80%).
Осложнения • Белая болевая флегмазия возникает вследствие ослабления артериального притока, вызванного шоком, повышенным венозным сопротивлением, коллапсом артериол за счёт высокого интерстициального давления и, возможно, спазмом артерий, располагающихся рядом с крупной тромбированной веной (притом, что отток по коллатеральным венам сохранён). Клиническая картина: выраженный болевой синдром, конечность бледная, холодная на ощупь, пульсация периферических сосудов отсутствует или резко ослаблена. Состояние трудно дифференцировать от острых нарушений артериального кровообращения (при эмболии артерии явления артериальной непроходимости наступают сразу, а при тромбофлебите — к концу первых суток) • Синяя болевая флегмазия вторична по отношению к белой флегмазии: почти весь отток крови от конечности бывает перекрыт в результате распространения тромбоза с главных вен (бедренной, подвздошных) на их коллатерали. В отличие от белой болевой флегмазии, для неё характерны ишемические поражения. Клиническая картина: цианоз конечности с обширным отёком и сильной болью при пальпации, отсутствие пульса. Чаще поражается левая нога. В последующем возникает гангрена. Может возникнуть шок, вызванный депонированием значительного количества крови в поражённой конечности • Гнойное расплавление тромба — при остром тромбофлебите с формированием абсцесса, а иногда флегмоны или септикопиемии. При гнойном тромбофлебите характерна флюктуация в области размягчения • ТЭЛА, характеризующаяся резким нарушением кровообращения и внешнего дыхания, а при перекрытии небольших ветвей — симптомами образования геморрагических инфарктов лёгкого.
Течение и прогноз • Около 20% нелеченых проксимальных (т.е. выше голени) глубоких флеботромбозов прогрессирует в ТЭЛА, в 10–20% случаев летальную. При агрессивной антикоагулянтной терапии смертность снижается в 5–10 раз • Глубокие флеботромбозы вен голени никогда не приводят к клинически значимым тромбоэмболическим осложнениям и поэтому не требуют антикоагулянтной терапии. Однако тромбы из глубоких вен голени могут проникать в проксимальную венозную систему, поэтому при опасности такого проникновения пациентам назначают импедансную плетизмографию или дуплексное УЗИ каждые 3–5 дней в течение 10 дней, а при проникновении — антикоагулянтную терапию.
Профилактика • Ранние движения после операции • Использование эластических чулков, сдавливающих поверхностные вены ноги и увеличивающих кровоток в глубоких венах • Периодическая компрессия голени при помощи пневматической манжеты увеличивает скорость кровотока в нижних конечностях и помогает предотвратить стаз крови • Веноконстрикторы (дигидроэрготамин, детралекс) также увеличивают скорость кровотока по глубоким венам • Гепарин, назначаемый в профилактических дозах до и после операции (по 2500–5000 ЕД п/к каждые 6–12 ч), эффективно предупреждает тромбоз глубоких вен.
Синонимы • Глубокий венозный тромбофлебит • Острый тромбоз глубоких вен • Флебит глубоких вен • Тромбофлебит глубоких вен • Острая венозная недостаточность нижних конечностей
МКБ-10 • I80 Флебит и тромбофлебит
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