Нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты нового поколения без преувеличения являются самыми ходовыми лекарственными средствами во всем мире.
Содержание статьи:
Группы противовоспалительных препаратовМеханизм действия
Показания и противопоказанияНекоторые представители (обзор)
Нет ни одной медицинской отрасли, где бы при том или ином заболевании в стандарте лечения не был бы прописан представитель данной группы.
Они обладают большой эффективностью, но при этом их применение в большинстве стран ограничено выпиской рецептов, так как самостоятельный прием данной группы лекарственных средств может принести вред.
Какие средства относятся к нестероидным противовоспалительным препаратам (НПВП)
Представителей данной группы чуть более 30, однако, широко используются около 10 лекарственных средств.
К группе НПВП относятся лекарственные средства, которые ингибируют фермент циклооксигеназу, она участвует в синтезе маркеров воспаления: простагландины, тромбоксаны и простациклины. Эти вещества участвуют в процессе повышения температуры и болевого синдрома. Существуют три вида фермента (изоформы) циклооксигеназы, которые имеют различные функции.
Циклооксигеназа 1 типа – постоянно присутствует в организме, она задействована в синтезе простагландинов и подобных веществ, защищающих желудок, почки, а также регулирующие процессы микроциркуляции.
Циклооксигеназа 2 типа – образуется в организме при воспалении, присутствует непостоянно. Синтезирует вещества, участвующие в процессах воспаления и деления клеток.
Для профилактики и лечения болезней СУСТАВОВ и ПОЗВОНОЧНИКА наши читатели используют новое БЕЗОПЕРАЦИОННОЕ средство лечения на основе натуральных экстрактов, которое..
Циклооксигеназа 3 типа – рецепторы данного фермента преимущественно находятся в нервной системе, третья изоформа участвует в процессах повышения температуры и играет роль в появлении болевого синдрома.
В соответствии с тем, что имеется 3 типа фермента, существуют 3 группы НПВП.
- Селективные (избирательные) блокаторы ЦОГ 1 – самый популярный представитель всех НПВП – аспирин.
- Неселективные (неизбирательные) блокаторы ЦОГ 1 и ЦОГ 2 – большинство НПВП: диклофенак, индометацин, кетопрофен, кеторолак, пироксикам.
- Селективные ингибиторы ЦОГ 2 –нимесулид, мелоксикам, рофекоксиб, целекоксиб.
- Селективные ингибиторы ЦОГ 3 – парацетамол, анальгин.
Селективные ингибиторы ЦОГ 1 и неселективные ингибиторы ЦОГ 1, 2 являются «старым» поколением данной группы лекарственных средств. Аспирин широко применяется в небольших дозах в качестве антиагрегантного средства (кроверазжижающего средства) в профилактике сердечно-сосудистых катастроф.
Ингибиторы ЦОГ 3 являются отдельной группой, причем следует отметить, что анальгин (метамизол натрия) не разрешен к применению в большинстве стран, в нашей стране разрешен к применению. А парацетамол широко применяется в качестве обезболивающего препарата в Европе и США.
Новое поколение ингибиторов ЦОГ, механизм действия
Ингибиторы ЦОГ 2 – это нестероидные препараты так называемого «нового» поколения, они в основном и используются в практике современного врача.
Ингибиторы ЦОГ 2 делятся на:
- Препараты с преимущественным ингибированием ЦОГ 2 – нимесулид, мелоксикам. Они все же оказывают незначительное ингибирующее действие на ЦОГ 1, особенно при длительном приеме.
- Высокоселективные ингибиторы ЦОГ 2 — целекоксиб, рофекоксиб.
Механизм действия ингибиторов ЦОГ 2 (нимесулид, мелоксикам)
В процессе воспаления образуется изоформа циклооксигеназы 2, при приеме ингибитора ЦОГ 2, он быстро всасывается из пищеварительного тракта, 89% действующего вещества попадает в кровь. Попадая в кровоток, препарат замещает рецепторы, которые являются рецепторами для ЦОГ 2, таким образом уменьшается количество воспалительных маркеров (простагландинов).
Помимо блокады данных рецепторов, также частично происходит конкурентное замещение рецепторов ЦОГ 1, особенно оно увеличивается при длительном приеме препаратов данной группы или при превышении терапевтической дозировки.
Особенность этой группы — снижение селективности при длительном применении или применении препарата в больших дозах. Что соответственно увеличивает частоту побочных эффектов, так как в данных условиях могут проявляться ЦОГ 1 – зависимые нежелательные действия лекарств.
Механизм действия высокоизбирательных ингибиторов ЦОГ 2 (целекоксиб, рофекоксиб)
При попадании в организм, препарат всасывается из пищеварительного тракта, попадая в системный кровоток, конкурентно блокирует рецепторы ЦОГ 2. В стандартных терапевтических концентрациях не действует на ЦОГ 1.
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Чем отличаются ингибиторы «старые» от «новых» препаратов?
В отличие от селективных ингибиторов ЦОГ 1 и неселективных ингибиторов ЦОГ 1 и 2, селективные и высокоселективные ингибиторы изоформы циклооксигеназы 2 в процессе лечения не уступают по эффективности «старому» поколению, а частота поражения пищеварительной системы в четыре раза ниже по сравнению с неселективными ингибиторами, у некоторых, например, целекоксиба, в семь раз.
Также отличием от ингибиторов ЦОГ 1 является отсутствие действия на свертывающую систему крови (это ЦОГ 1 – зависимый эффект), поэтому частота побочного эффекта – в виде повышения свертывания крови встречается у препаратов этой группы гораздо реже.
При применении ингибиторов ЦОГ 2 реже возникают эффекты бронхоспазма, ухудшение бронхиальной астмы или сердечной недостаточности. Также отмечен более безопасный прием у лиц пожилого возраста.
Современные исследования открывают НПВП ингибиторы ЦОГ 2 с другой стороны – в роли возможных противоопухолевых средств. В лабораторных исследованиях целекоксиб показал антипролеферативный и противоопухолевый эффект.
Общие противопоказания и показания для использования селективных ингибиторов ЦОГ 2
Показания для приема ингибиторов НПВП очень обширны. В официальных инструкциях для применения этой группы препаратов в основном превалируют различные заболевания суставов и позвоночного столба, так как подавляющее большинство исследований выполнено именно в этой сфере и это самая частая причина болевого синдрома.
Показания
- Болевой синдром.
- Заболевания суставов: ревматоидный артрит, артриты, остеоартроз, последствия травм, подагра и т. д.
- Болевой синдром в неврологической практике.
- Зубная боль.
- Менструальная боль.
- Головная боль.
- В качестве обезболивающего в послеоперационный период.
Противопоказания
Совмещены все противопоказания лекарственных препаратов данной группы:
- «аспириновая триада»: бронхиальная астма, непереносимость аспирина, полипоз носа и околоносовых пазух;
- язвенное поражение пищеварительного тракта в обострении;
- кровоизлияние в головной мозг;
- тяжелая сердечная недостаточность;
- тяжелая почечная недостаточность;
- гемофилия;
- период после операции аорто-коронарного шунтирования;
- беременность и лактация;
- наркомания и алкоголизм.
Особенности использования ингибиторов ЦОГ 2
Хоть побочный эффект от данной группы препаратов значительно менее выражен, чем при применении неселективных ингибиторов ЦОГ, все же большинство побочных эффектов блокады ЦОГ 2 имеются. Поэтому прием ингибитора ЦОГ 2 должен быть через, минимум, полчаса после приема пищи, если имеется язвенный дефект в каком-либо отделе желудочно-кишечного тракта, то прием ингибитора ЦОГ 2 сочетают с профилактическим приемом блокатора протонной помпы (омепразол, пантопразол и т. д.), причем прием в сутки должен быть двух кратный.
Допустим длительный прием данной группы препаратов, однако следует помнить, что в этом случае повышается риск развития нежелательных эффектов прямо пропорционально продолжительности терапии.
Некоторые представители «новых» нестероидных препаратов
Целекоксиб
Это высокоизбирательный ингибитор ЦОГ 2. При приеме внутрь легко всасывается, доходя до максимальной концентрации через 3 часа в крови . Препарат применяется после еды, при приеме совместно с жирной пищей существенно замедляется всасывания лекарства.
Согласно официальной инструкции, целекоксиб применяется при ревматоидном артрите, остеопорозе, псориатическом артрите, болезни Бехтерева. Самый частый побочный эффект – головная боль, диспепсия. Целекоксиб принимается внутрь в дозе 200 мг х 2 раза в сутки, максимально допустимая доза 400 мг х 2 раза в день.
Мелоксикам
При приеме внутрь быстро всасывается из ЖКТ, максимальный уровень достигается через 5 часов, при этом в плазме оказывается 89% препарата. Согласно инструкции, мелоксикам применяется при воспалительных процессах в суставах, артритах, артрозах, неуточненных болезнях суставов.
Препарат выпускается в виде таблетированной формы, инъекционного препарата, ректальных свечей. Мелоксикам назначается один раз в день. Рекомендуется прием препарата во время еды. Самый частый нежелательный эффект от приема Мелоксикама – диспепсические явления, головная боль. При длительном приеме мелоксикама или применении выше терапевтических доз его селективность уменьшается.
Нимесулид
Самый частый селективный ингибитор ЦОГ 2. Максимальное значение достигается в плазме крови через 1.5 – 2 часа от приема, при одновременном приеме пищи время всасывания значительно увеличивается. В показаниях к применению данного препарата, в отличие от остальных представителей, входит боль, вызванная различными причинами.
Самые частые нежелательные эффекты: диарея, тошнота, рвота, повышение печеночных трансаминаз. Препарат принимается внутрь, существуют водорастворимые формы, максимально в сутки возможен прием 200 мг нимесулида.
Почему эти препараты выписывают по рецепту?
Казалось бы, побочных эффектов меньше, принимать можно долго и по любому поводу, так почему же в некоторых аптеках эта группа отпускается по рецепту врача? Для каждого лекарства существуют определенные показания, которые может выставить только врач.
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Рассказывает известный врач
Принимать НПВП нового поколения по незначительному поводу нельзя, так как у этой группы есть множество тяжелых индивидуальных побочных эффектов, например – внезапная острая почечная недостаточность, лекарственный гепатит и т. д. которые могут возникнуть внезапно у молодого, здорового человека и привести к его гибели.
Также у большого количества людей низкий порог болевой чувствительности, и они склонны принимать обезболивающие по любому незначительному болевому синдрому, а на группу НПВП возникает со временем привыкание, организм уже не может нормально функционировать без очередной дозы лекарства, это происходит из-за адаптации рецепторов циклооксигеназы к ингибированию НПВП.
Также обыватель, не связанный с медициной, не сможет оценить все риски одновременного приема препарата с другими лекарствами. Например, прием блокаторов ЦОГ 2 уменьшает действие от некоторых препаратов, снижающих давление. Поэтому самостоятельное использование данных лекарств не может быть оправдано ни в одном случае.
а) необратимые ингибиторы ЦОГ
1. Пр-ные салициловой кислоты — салицилаты:ацетилсалициловая к-та (аспирин), ацетилсалицилат лизина
б) обратимые ингибиторы ЦОГ
2. Пиразолидины:Фенилбутазон (Бутадион), анальгин
3. Производные индолуксусной к-ты:Индометацин (Метиндол), сулиндак (Клинорил), этодолак (Эльдерин)
4. Производные фенилуксусной к-ты:Диклофенак натрия (Вольтарен, ортофен), калия (Раптен-рапид)
5. Оксикамы:Пироксикам (Фелден), лорноксикам (Ксефокам), мелоксикам (Мовалис)
II. избирательные ингибиторы ЦОГ-2
1. С-ва, содержащие сульфонамидную группу:нимесулид, целекоксиб
По активности и химической структуре
Кислотные производные:
с выраженной противовоспалительной активностью:
Салицилаты:Кислота ацетилсалициловая, лизинмоноацетилсалицилат, дифлунизал (Долобит), метилсалицилат
Пиразолидины: Фенилбутазон (Бутадион)
Производные индолуксусной к-ты:Индометацин (Метиндол), сулиндак (Клинорил), этодолак (Эльдерин)
Производные фенилуксусной к-ты:Диклофенак натрия (Вольтарен, ортофен), калия (Раптен-рапид)
Оксикамы:Пироксикам (Фелден), лорноксикам (Ксефокам), мелоксикам (Мовалис)
С умеренной противовоспалительной активностью
Производные пропионовой кислоты:Ибупрофен (Бруфен, нурофен), напроксен (Напросин), кетопрофен
Производные антраниловой кислоты:Кислота мефенамовая, кислота флуфенамовая
НПВС с выраженной противовоспалительной активностьюНекислотные производные
Алканоны:Набуметон (Релафен)
Производные сульфонамида:Нимесулид (Нимесил, Найз), Целекоксиб (Целебрекс), Рофекоксиб (Виокс)
НПВС со слабой противовоспалительной активностью = анальгетики-антипиретики
Пиразолоны: Метамизол (Анальгин),Аминофеназон (Амидопирин)
Производные пара-аминофенола (анилина): Фенацетин, Ацетаминафен (Парацетамол, перфалган, панадол, эффералган, калпол)
Производные гетероарилуксусной кислоты: Кеторолак (Кеторол), Толметин
Механизм действия нестероидных противовоспалительных средств (НПВС) связан с конкурентным ингибированием ЦОГ. Блокада нестероидными противовоспалительными средствами ЦОГ приводит к нарушению синтеза простагландинов Е2 и 12 и развитию трех основных эффектов:
Механизм д-я:
Противовоспалительный:
· Подавление выработки PgE2 и PgI2, связанное с ингибированиемЦОГ2 (в малых дозах);
· Ингибирование нейтрофилов, связанное с воздействием на связанное G-белок (в больших дозах)
· Снижение образования и инактивация медиаторов воспаления;
· Торможение перекисного окисления липидов
· Стабилизация лизосомальных мембран (что препятствует выходу лизосомальных ферментов и предупреждает повреждение клеточных структур);
· Торможение процессов образования макроэргических соединений в процессах окислительного фосфорилирования (нарушение энергообеспечения воспалительного процесса);
· Подавлением секреции хемокинов
· Подавлением синтеза и экспрессии молекул клеточной адгезии и, соответственно, локомоторной функции лейкоцитов;
· Торможением адгезии нейтрофилов и взаимодействия с рецепторами (нарушается высвобождение из них медиаторов воспаления, угнетением синтеза);
Анальгезирующий эффект (через 20-40 мин в умеренных дозах)
Периферический компонент:
· Снижают число рецепторов, стабилизируя мембраны
· Повышение порога болевой чувствительности рецепторов;
· Понижение активности протеолитических ферментов
· Ограничение экссудации (через 5-7 сут) с последующим уменьшением сдавливания болевых окончаний экссудатом в замкнутых полостях (суставы, мышцы, периодонт, мозговые оболочки).
Центральный
· Уменьшение образования Pg-Е2 в структурах спинного и головного мозга, участвующих в проведении и восприятии боли;
· Ингибируют ЦОГ-2 и синтез ПГЕ в ЦНС, где он участвует в проведении и восприятии боли
· Снижают гипералгезию в результате: блокады синтеза ПГ и простациклина, которые потенцируют раздражающ. дей-е ИЛ-1, ФНО-α, гистамина, серотонина, брадикинина и нейрокининов на болевые рецепторы.
· Нарушают проведение болевых импульсов по проводящим путям спинного мозга, угнетают латеральные ядра таламуса.
· Стимулируют освобождение эндорфинов и поэтому усиливают тормозящее влияние околоводопроводного серого вещества на трансмиссию ноцицептивной импульсации
Жаропонижающий эффект (через 20-40 мин)
1. Ингибируют синтез эндогенных пирогенов на периферии (ИЛ-1) в Мон/Мф
2. Ингибируя ЦОГ, уменьшают синтез ПГ-Е1 и ПГ-F2 , НА и серотонина в ЦНС
· Восстанавливают равновесие центров теплопродукции и теплоотдачи в нейронах преоптической области гипоталамуса.
· Расширяют сосуды кожи и повышают потоотделение
Торможение энергопродукции в очаге воспаления
Биохимические реакции, лежащие в основе воспаления – высоко энергозатратны: синтез медиаторов воспаления, хемотаксис, фагоцитоз, пролиферация соединительной ткани
НПВС нарушают синтез АТФ (подавляют гликолиз и аэробное окисление, разобщают ОФ)
Влияние НПВС на процессы пролиферации
НПВС тормозят формирование соединительной ткани (синтез коллагена):
1. Снижают активность фибробластов
2. Нарушают энергообеспечение пролиферативных процессов
Наибольшим антипролиферативным эффектом обладают:индометацин, диклофенак натрия, ацеклофенак, пироксикам, лорноксикам, мелоксикам
Антиагрегационный эффект TxA2/PgI2
· Ингибируя ЦОГ1 в тромбоцитах, подавляют синтез эндогенного проагреганта тромбоксана.
· Селективные ингибиторы ЦОГ2 не обладают антиагрегационным эффектом.
Иммунотропное действие НПВС: Подавляют активацию фактора транскрипции (NF-kB) в Т-лимфоцитах
• Ингибируют синтез цитокинов (ИЛ-1,6,8, интерферон-β, ФНО-α), ревматоидного фактора, комплемента и молекул адгезии
• Снижают общую иммунологическую реактивность
• Угнетают специфические реакции на нтигены
Показания НПВС: Острые ревматич. заболевания— подагра, псевдопадагра, обострение остеоартроза. Хрон. ревматич. заболевания— ревматоидный артрит, спондилоартропатии, остеоартроз. Острые неревматич. заболевания— травмы, боли в спине, послеоперационная боль, почечная колика, дисменорея, мигрень и др. Другие заболевания —плеврит, перикардит, узловатая эритема, полипоз толстого кишечника; профилактика – тромбоз, рак толстого кишечника.
Ацетилсалициловая кислота — производное салициловой кислоты, необратимо блокирует ЦОГ за счет ацетилирования активного центра фермента. Обладает значительно большим сродством к ЦОГ-1, чем к ЦОГ-2. Анальгезирующее, жаропонижающее, противовоспалительное, антиагрегационное.
1. Ингибирует циклооксигеназу (ЦОГ-1 и ЦОГ-2) и необратимо тормозит циклооксигеназный путь метаболизма арахидоновой кислоты, блокирует синтез ПГ (ПГA2, ПГD2, ПГF2aльфа, ПГE1, ПГE2 и др.) и тромбоксана. Уменьшает гиперемию, экссудацию, проницаемость капилляров, активность гиалуронидазы, ограничивает энергетическое обеспечение воспалительного процесса путем угнетения продукции АТФ.
2. Влияет на подкорковые центры терморегуляции и болевой чувствительности. Снижение содержания ПГ (преимущественно ПГЕ1 ) в центре терморегуляции приводит к понижению температуры тела вследствие расширения сосудов кожи и увеличения потоотделения.
3. Обезболивающий эффект обусловлен влиянием на центры болевой чувствительности, а также периферическим противовоспалительным действием и способностью салицилатов снижать альгогенное действие брадикинина.
4. Уменьшение содержания тромбоксана А2 в тромбоцитах приводит к необратимому подавлению агрегации, несколько расширяет сосуды. Антиагрегантное действие сохраняется в течение 7 суток после однократного приема. В ходе ряда клинических исследований показано, что существенное ингибирование склеиваемости кровяных пластинок достигается при дозах до 30 мг. Увеличивает фибринолитическую активность плазмы и снижает концентрацию витамин K-зависимых факторов свертывания (II, VII, IX, X). Стимулирует выведение мочевой кислоты, поскольку нарушается ее реабсорбция в канальцах почек.
5. Ф/кинетика: T1/2ацетилсалициловой кислоты составляет не более 15–20 мин. В организме циркулирует (на 75–90% в связи с альбумином) и распределяется в тканях в виде аниона салициловой кислоты. Cmaxдостигается примерно через 2 ч. C белками плазмы крови ацетилсалициловая кислота практически не связывается. При биотрансформации в печени образуются метаболиты, обнаруживаемые во многих тканях и моче. Экскреция салицилатов осуществляется преимущественно путем активной секреции в канальцах почек в неизмененной форме и в виде метаболитов.
6. Применение: эффективный антиагрегант в дозах 100—150 мг в сутки для профилактики тромбоза коронарных сосудов при ишемической болезни сердца, для профилактики ишемического инсульта. Лечение острых и хронических ревматических заболеваний; невралгия, миалгия, суставные боли.
Противопоказания: Гиперчувствительность, в т.ч. «аспириновая» триада, «аспириновая» астма; геморрагический диатез (гемофилия, болезнь Виллебранда, телеангиоэктазия), расслаивающая аневризма аорты, сердечная недостаточность, острые и рецидивирующие эрозивно-язвенные заболевания ЖКТ, желудочно-кишечное кровотечение, острая почечная или печеночная недостаточность, исходная гипопротромбинемия, дефицит витамина К, тромбоцитопения, тромботическая тромбоцитопеническая пурпура, дефицит глюкозо-6-фосфатдегидрогеназы, беременность (I и III триместр), грудное вскармливание, детский и подростковый возраст до 15 лет при применении в качестве жаропонижающего средства (риск развития синдрома Рейе у детей с лихорадкой на фоне вирусных заболеваний).
8. Специфическими побочными эффектами ацетилсалициловой кислоты являются раздражение и изъязвление слизистой оболочки желудка, бронхоспазм — «аспириновая астма». Бронхоспазм обусловлен активацией липоксигеназного пути метаболизма арахидоновой кислоты.
9. Отравление: головная боль, звон в ушах, расстройства зреня, психики; тошнота, рвота, диарея, боли в эпигастрии; респираторный алкалоз или метаболический ацидоз.
Диклофенак натрий — производное фенилуксусной кислоты. Препарат является одним из наиболее часто применяемых противовоспалительных средств с выраженной анальгетической и жаропонижающей активностью. Обладает выраженными анальгетическими свойствами, жаропонижающей активностью. Обладает низкой токсической активностью.
Лорноксикам — неизбирательный ингибитор ЦОГ. Обладает выраженным болеутоляющим и противовоспалительным эффектами. Жаропонижающее действие наступает только при приеме больших доз.
Неизбирательно ингибирует циклооксигеназу (ЦОГ-1 и ЦОГ-2). Снижает продукцию ПГ, лейкотриенов, влияет на слизистую оболочку желудка, функцию тромбоцитов и почечный кровоток. Угнетает высвобождение активных форм кислорода, кининовую систему.
Оказывает влияние в основном на экссудативную и пролиферативную фазы воспалительной реакции. При назначении больным ревматоидным артритом проявляет выраженное анальгезирующее действие, уменьшает продолжительность утренней скованности, суставной индекс Ричи, число воспаленных и болезненных суставов; у ряда пациентов снижает СОЭ.
Показания: болеутоляющее при воспалительных процессах: остеоартрит, ревматоидный артрит) + послеоперационный период + боли, связанные с опухолями. Вводят 2-3 раза в день. При приеме внутрь быстро и полностью абсорбируется, биодоступность приближается к 100%. Время достижения Cmax составляет около 2 ч (при в/м введении — 15 мин). В плазме практически весь связывается с белками. В печени гидроксилируется и превращается в фармакологически неактивный метаболит. Т1/2 — 4 ч. Около 30% дозы выводится с мочой, преимущественно в виде метаболитов, остальная часть — с желчью.Из побочных эффектов следует отметить частые реакции со стороны желудочно-кишечного тракта.
Ибупрофен — фенилпропионовой кислоты, который применяется при болях, обусловленных воспалением.
Фармакологическое действие — противовоспалительное, анальгезирующее, жаропонижающее.
Неселективно ингибирует ЦОГ-1 и ЦОГ-2, уменьшает синтез ПГ. Противовоспалительный эффект связан с уменьшением проницаемости сосудов, улучшением микроциркуляции, снижением высвобождения из клеток медиаторов воспаления (ПГ, кинины, ЛТ) и подавлением энергообеспечения воспалительного процесса.
Анальгезирующее действие обусловлено снижением интенсивности воспаления, уменьшением выработки брадикинина и его альгогенности. При ревматоидном артрите влияет преимущественно на экссудативный и отчасти на пролиферативный компоненты воспалительной реакции, оказывает быстрое и выраженное обезболивающее действие, уменьшает отечность, утреннюю скованность и ограничение подвижности в суставах.
Уменьшение возбудимости теплорегулирующих центров промежуточного мозга результируется в жаропонижающем действии. Выраженность антипиретического эффекта зависит от исходной температуры тела и дозы. При однократном приеме эффект продолжается до 8 ч. При первичной дисменорее уменьшает внутриматочное давление и частоту маточных сокращений. Обратимо ингибирует агрегацию тромбоцитов.
Поскольку ПГ задерживают закрытие артериального протока после рождения, полагают, что подавление ЦОГ является основным механизмом действия ибупрофена при в/в применении у новорожденных с открытым артериальным протоком.
Анальгетическое действие по сравнению с противовоспалительным развивается при назначении меньших доз. При болевом синдроме начало действия препарата отмечается через 0,5 ч, максимальный эффект — через 2—4 ч, длительность действия — 4—6 ч. Препарат хорошо и быстро всасывается при приеме внутрь, хорошо проникает в синовиальную жидкость, где его концентрация достигает более высоких значений, чем в плазме крови. t составляет 2 ч.
Для ибупрофена характерны все типичные побочные эффекты НПВС, в то же время он считается (особенно в США) более безопасным по сравнению с диклофенаком и индометацином.
Препарат противопоказан при опасности ангионевротического отека, при бронхоспастическом синдроме.
Целекоксиб — избирательный ингибитор ЦОГ-2. В основном угнетает активность фермента, который образуется в очаге воспаления.
Фармакологическое действие — противовоспалительное, анальгезирующее, жаропонижающее.
Селективно ингибирует ЦОГ-2 и блокирует образование провоспалительных ПГ. В терапевтических концентрациях не ингибирует ЦОГ-1. В клинических испытаниях у здоровых добровольцев целекоксиб в однократных дозах до 800 мг и многократных — 600 мг дважды в день в течение 7 дней (выше рекомендованных терапевтических доз) не снижал агрегацию тромбоцитов и не увеличивал время кровотечения. Подавление синтеза ПГЕ2 может приводить к задержке жидкости из-за повышения реабсорбции в толстом восходящем сегменте петли Генле и, возможно, других дистальных участках нефрона. ПГЕ2 ингибирует реабсорбцию воды в собирательных трубочках, препятствуя действию антидиуретического гормона.
На агрегацию Тц не влияет, т.к. ЦОГ-2 в тромбоцитах не образуется. Обнаружена активность предупреждать развитие опухоли и полипоза толстой кишки и прямой кишки.
При приеме внутрь быстро всасывается, Cmax достигается примерно через 3 ч. Прием пищи, особенно богатой жирами, замедляет всасывание. Степень связывания с белками плазмы — 97%. Равновесная концентрация достигается к 5-му дню. Равномерно распределяется в тканях, проникает через ГЭБ. Биотрансформируется в печени преимущественно при участии изофермента CYP2C9 цитохрома Р450. Т1/2 — 8–12 ч, общий клиренс — 500 мл/мин. Выводится в виде неактивных метаболитов, преимущественно через ЖКТ, незначительное количество (менее 1%) неизмененного целекоксиба обнаруживается в моче.
Показания: Ревматоидный артрит, остеоартроз, анкилозирующий спондилоартрит, псориатический артрит.
Побочное действие НПВС
Последнее изменение этой страницы: 2016-08-26; Нарушение авторского права страницы
циклооксигеназа — Группа ферментов, превращающие арахидоновую кислоту в простагландин [http://www.dunwoodypress.com/148/PDF/Biotech Eng Rus.pdf] Тематики биотехнологии EN cyclooxygenase … Справочник технического переводчика
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Нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты — (нестероидные противовоспалительные средства/агенты, НПВП, НПВС, НСПВП, NSA >Википедия
Остеоартроз — МКБ 10 M … Википедия
Список медицинских сокращений — Эта страница глоссарий. # А … Википедия
Аспириновая бронхиальная астма — МКБ 10 J45.145.1, J45.845.8 МКБ 9 493.1 … Википедия
Ресвератрол — Ресвератрол … Википедия
НПВС — Нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты (нестероидные противовоспалительные средства), сокращения НПВП, НПВС, НСПВП, NSA >Википедия
НПВП — Нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты (нестероидные противовоспалительные средства), сокращения НПВП, НПВС, НСПВП, NSA >Википедия
НСПВП — Нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты (нестероидные противовоспалительные средства), сокращения НПВП, НПВС, НСПВП, NSA >Википедия
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